Ī generation of students used Pascal as an introductory language in undergraduate courses. Pascal was influenced by the ALGOL W efforts, with the explicit goals of teaching programming in a structured fashion and for the development of system software. This left an opening for newer languages. The complexity of this language led to considerable difficulty producing high-performance compilers, and it was not widely used in the industry. The ALGOL X efforts would go on to choose a much more complex language, ALGOL 68. These were considered too minor to be worth using as the new standard ALGOL, so Wirth wrote a compiler for the language, which became named ALGOL W. Wirth and Tony Hoare submitted a conservative set of modifications to add strings and clean up some of the syntax. The group tasked with maintaining the language had begun the ALGOL X process to identify improvements, calling for submissions. The language was published in 1965.īy this time, a number of problems in ALGOL had been identified, notably the lack of a standardized string system. Its primary goal was to add dynamic lists and types, allowing it to be used in roles similar to Lisp. Euler was based on ALGOL's syntax and many concepts but was not a derivative. Shortly after its introduction, in 1962 Wirth began working on his dissertation with Helmut Weber on the Euler programming language. It included a number of features for structured programming that remain common in languages to this day. ALGOL was developed during the 1950s with the explicit goal of being able to clearly describe algorithms. Much of the history of computer language design during the 1960s can be traced to the ALGOL 60 language. Extensions to the Pascal concepts led to the languages Modula-2 and Oberon, both developed by Wirth. This was used by Apple Computer (for the Lisa and Macintosh machines) and Borland in the late 1980s and later developed into Delphi on the Microsoft Windows platform. It was displaced by the C programming language during the late 1980s and early 1990s as UNIX-based systems became popular, and especially with the release of C++.Ī derivative named Object Pascal designed for object-oriented programming was developed in 1985. It was widely used as a teaching language in university-level programming courses in the 1980s, and also used in production settings for writing commercial software during the same period. Compilers were also available for many microcomputers as the field emerged in the late 1970s. Pascal became very successful in the 1970s, notably on the burgeoning minicomputer market. This is similar to the block structure of ALGOL 60, but restricted from arbitrary block statements to just procedures and functions. A program is thus syntactically similar to a single procedure or function. Unlike C (and most languages in the C-family), Pascal allows nested procedure definitions to any level of depth, and also allows most kinds of definitions and declarations inside subroutines (procedures and functions). Pascal has strong typing on all objects, which means that one type of data cannot be converted to or interpreted as another without explicit conversions. On top of ALGOL's scalars and arrays, Pascal enables defining complex datatypes and building dynamic and recursive data structures such as lists, trees and graphs. In 1968, Wirth decided to abandon the ALGOL X process and further improve ALGOL W, releasing this as Pascal in 1970. This was not accepted, and the ALGOL X process bogged down. Wirth was involved in the process to improve the language as part of the ALGOL X efforts and proposed a version named ALGOL W. Pascal was developed on the pattern of the ALGOL 60 language. It is named after French mathematician, philosopher and physicist Blaise Pascal. Pascal is an imperative and procedural programming language, designed by Niklaus Wirth as a small, efficient language intended to encourage good programming practices using structured programming and data structuring.
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